Online Sample Research Articles

Immigration documentation statuses evoke racialized faceism in mental representations

U.S. immigration discourse has spurred interest in characterizing who illegalized immigrants are or perceived to be. What are the associated visual representations of migrant illegality? Across two studies with undergraduate and online samples (N = 686), we used face-based reverse correlation and similarity sorting to capture and compare mental representations of illegalized immigrants, native-born U.S. citizens, and documented immigrants. Documentation statuses evoked racialized imagery. Immigrant representations were dark-skinned and perceived as non-white, while citizen representations were light-skinned, evaluated positively, and perceived as white. Legality further differentiated immigrant representations: documentation conjured trustworthy representations, illegality conjured threatening representations. Participants spontaneously sorted unlabeled faces by documentation status in a spatial arrangement task. Faces’ spatial similarity correlated with their similarity in pixel luminance and “American” ratings, confirming racialized distinctions. Representations of illegalized immigrants were uniquely racialized as dark-skinned un-American threats, reflecting how U.S. imperialism and colorism set conditions of possibility for existing representations of migrant illegalization.

Contributions of Metacognition to Creative Performance and Behavior

ABSTRACTHow are ideas born? Contrary to commonly held beliefs, creative performance, like any goal‐oriented action, requires understanding and managing one's own cognitive processes – thus, efficient metacognition. Recently, a systematic framework of creative metacognition (CMC) has been proposed, assuming the relevance of metacognitive knowledge, monitoring, and control in creative performance. Here, we provide the first comprehensive empirical examination of this conception. Specifically, an online sample (N = 425) performed divergent thinking (DT) tasks and gave insight in relevant aspects of metacognitive processes during task performance. The study revealed that all three proposed components of CMC played independent roles in enhancing creative cognitive performance, including divergent thinking creativity and fluency. Among these components, metacognitive control showed the strongest positive association with creative cognitive performance. As expected, CMC was especially relevant to imminent creative task performance but showed some association with real‐life creativity. These findings provide the first empirical evidence that all three postulated components of CMC support creative performance and, to a lesser degree, to creative behavior. In the discussion, we delve deeper into the specific roles of these metacognitive subcomponents in enhancing creative cognitive performance and touch upon the differences between the roles of self‐regulation and metacognition in creativity.

Effect of childhood emotional abuse on depression and anxiety in adulthood is partially mediated by neuroticism: Evidence from a large online sample

Childhood trauma is widely recognized as a potential risk factor for psychiatric illness in adulthood, yet the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain incompletely understood. One proposed mechanism involves the impact of childhood trauma on personality development, particularly in relation to neuroticism, which may subsequently heighten susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.In this study, we aimed to investigate this hypothesis through an online survey involving 1116 participants (232 male, 21 %). Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), assessing emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, along with the Trait Self-Description Inventory (TSDI) for personality assessment and the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 clinical questionnaires for depression and anxiety symptoms evaluation, respectively.Our analyses revealed significant positive correlations between all facets of childhood trauma and neuroticism (all p < .01). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that emotional abuse significantly contributed to neuroticism (β = 0.267, p < .05), openness (β = 0.142, p < .05), and agreeableness (β = 0.089, p < .05), while sexual abuse was associated with agreeableness (β = 0.137, p < .01) Emotional neglect was negatively correlated with conscientiousness (β = −0.090, p < .01), extroversion (β = −0.109, p < .01) and agreeableness (β = −0.154, p < .01).Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed that emotional abuse was positively and significantly correlated with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores (r = 0.330, p < .01 and r = 0.327, p < .01, respectively). Mediation analysis supported a significant mediating role of neuroticism in the association between childhood emotional abuse and both depression (PHQ-9) (z = 8.681, p < .01) and anxiety (GAD-7) (z = 9.206, p < .01). Notably, the correlation between childhood emotional abuse and psychiatric symptoms was attenuated but not eliminated after controlling for neuroticism, suggesting partial mediation.While our cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, our findings support the notion that childhood emotional abuse may contribute to increased neuroticism, thereby elevating vulnerability to affective disorders in adulthood. These results underscore the importance of considering personality factors in understanding the long-term consequences of childhood trauma on mental health outcomes.

Research in brief: How prevalent is rough sex? Results from a national online sample of adults in Germany.

Rough sex refers to consensual sexual activities that incorporate playful aggression, such as hair pulling, spanking, or choking. It is relevant in the context of sexual health as it can enhance sexual arousal, pleasure, and intimacy among consenting partners. However, it can also be associated with consent violations, discomfort, and injuries ranging from mild to severe or even fatal. The prevalence of rough sex in Germany is widely unknown. Our study aims to establish, for the first time, the overall age-related and gender-related prevalence rates of active and passive rough sex involvement among adults in Germany. A national online sample of 1101 adults from Germany, aged 18-69 years (50% men, 49% women, 1% gender-diverse individuals) gave informed consent and reported on their lifetime engagement in rough sex in active and passive roles. We recruited participants through a professional panel provider for a multi-themed sexual health survey. Data analysis was conducted using R, with 95% confidence intervals of prevalence rates computed to answer the research questions. Lifetime prevalence of rough sex involvement was 29%. Adults below the age of 40 reported higher rates of involvement (up to 43%) than people over 40 (up to 26%). Men reported predominantly active role involvement and women reported primarily passive role involvement. Results show that rough sex is common. Sexual health professionals, educators, and researchers should be prepared to guide current and aspiring practitioners of rough sex, helping them understand potential benefits, risks, and age- and gender-related differences.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functionality appreciation scale

BackgroundThe Functionality Appreciation Scale is a 7-item measure of an individual’s appreciation of his or her body for what it can do and is capable of doing. While this instrument has been increasingly used in intervention-based research, its psychometric properties have not been extensively studied in non-English-speaking populations. The psychometric properties of a novel Spanish translation of the FAS were examined.MethodsAn online sample of 838 Spanish adults (mean age = 31.79 ± 11.95 years, 50.48% men) completed the Spanish FAS and validated measures of body appreciation, eating disorder symptomatology, intuitive eating, and life satisfaction.ResultsExploratory factor analysis supported a 1-dimensional factor structure of the FAS, which was further supported by confirmatory factor analysis (SBχ²(14) = 83.82, SBχ²normed = 1.48, robust RMSEA = 0.094 (90% CI = 0.074, 0.115), SRMR = 0.040, robust CFI = 0.946, robust TLI = 0.924). Invariance across genders was shown, and there were no significant differences according to gender (t(417) = 0.77, p =.444, d = 0.07). Construct validity was also supported through significant associations with the other measures of the study. Incremental validity was established in women. Thus, appreciation of functionality predicted life satisfaction over and above the variance accounted for by other body image and eating disorder-related measures (F(4, 399) = 18.86, p <.001, ΔR2 = 0.03).ConclusionsThese results support the psychometric properties of the Spanish FAS and demonstrate the importance of the appreciation of functionality in relation to a healthier body image and psychological wellbeing.

Aesthetic Dispositions, Aesthetic Engagement, and Meaning in Life

Previous research revealed that meaning in life is related positively to psychological engagement with art (i.e., aesthetic engagement), such as interest in art, knowledge about art, awe around art, and supernatural attributions for art experiences. We extended this work by considering the relevance of dispositions toward aesthetics (i.e., aesthetic dispositions), such as openness to experience, creativity in general and in art, and religious belief salience. Specifically, we proposed a conceptual model relating aesthetic dispositions, aesthetic engagement, and meaning in life. We tested hypotheses derived from the model with an online sample of N = 696 artists. Correlational results supported our hypotheses and replicated previous findings. Path analytic results showed that interest in art mediated associations between aesthetic dispositions and meaning in life. The results contribute to empirical work on aesthetic cognitivism, the philosophical stance that art can lead to understanding, by shedding light on factors associated with meaningful interactions with art.

Safety plan use and suicide-related coping in a sample of Australian online help-seekers

BackgroundSuicide safety plans can improve suicide-related coping skills and reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs). However, little is known about their use and impact outside of treatment settings, where most suicidal crises will occur. The current study explored the prevalence of safety plan use among an online sample of help-seekers with lifetime STBs, and whether STBs and suicide-related coping differed between those with and without safety plans. An exploratory aim was to investigate barriers to safety plan use. MethodParticipants (N = 1251) completed an online, anonymous survey at a mental health support website (Beyond Blue). The survey measured lifetime STBs, past-month suicidal ideation, suicide-related coping, help-seeking intentions and behaviour. ResultsDespite high levels of past-month suicidal ideation and past-year help-seeking, most participants (89.5 %) did not have a safety plan, and most of those were not familiar with the concept (70.5 %). Participants with safety plans reported a higher rate of past suicide attempts, but higher suicide-related coping and help-seeking behaviour. Among participants without safety plans, negative attitudes toward safety planning were positively associated with suicidal ideation and negatively associated with suicide-related coping. LimitationsParticipants were primarily female, English-speaking visitors to a mental health support website. Cross-sectional design precludes conclusions being drawn about safety planning effectiveness over time. ConclusionThis study highlights the low prevalence of safety plan use among online help-seekers with lifetime STBs and the need to better promote safety planning as an intervention with autonomous benefits, including crisis preparedness and improved suicide-related coping skills.

Online consumer testing beyond central location tests: A case study for brewed coffee

Due to the constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic, conducting sensory evaluations requiring direct interactions became challenging. In response, researchers have been motivated to devise non-face-to-face testing methods as alternatives. This study aimed to compare two non-face-to-face home-use tests (HUT) with the traditional face-to-face central location test (CLT). Both HUTs involved online recruitment and sample delivery to participants' homes. One HUT provided a written protocol with no direct interaction (contactless HUT; C-HUT), whereas the other included an online meeting with a researcher for live guidance (online HUT; O-HUT). Four coffee samples were evaluated on the basis of liking and sensory and emotional attributes. The comparison between CLT and O-HUT showed RV coefficients of 0.92, 0.93, and 0.98 (P < 0.05) for liking and sensory and emotional attributes, respectively. In addition, based on the RV coefficient, the CLT results showed a significantly greater similarity to those of O-HUT compared to those of C-HUT. The O-HUT also outperformed the C-HUT in its ability to significantly discriminate between samples. Hence, real-time interactions between researchers and participants, as facilitated by O-HUT, may be more suitable in certain scenarios compared to C-HUT, which relies solely on a written protocol. Overall, these findings suggest that C-HUT and O-HUT are suitable methods for collecting sensory data and overcoming geographic and face-to-face contact limitations, providing greater flexibility, and reducing the time and cost associated with traditional sensory evaluations.

Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Safe Sex Practices among Young Adults: Insights from Kampala International University, Western Campus

This study aimed to assess young adults' knowledge and practices that affect safe sex behavior among university students in Uganda, with a particular focus on Kampala International University Western Campus. The study was conducted at the university's Western Campus, involving medical students aged 19-25. The sample size was 249. The study used Raosoft's online sample size calculator and simple random sampling techniques to obtain respondents. Data collection involved self-administered questionnaires consisting of 29 closed-ended questions. The study found a negative relationship between socio-economic and demographic factors and safe sex behaviors among young adults at Kampala International University. However, the relationship between socio-demographic factors and safe sex behaviors was not statistically significant. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between knowledge, practice and safe sex behaviors among young adults at Kampala International University Western Campus. Recommendations include providing comprehensive sex education to all young adults at Kampala International University to enable them to learn about sexuality and the risks associated with it. Comprehensive sex education should be holistic, incorporating age-appropriate and culturally appropriate information about reducing the risk of being sexually unsafe. Keywords: Safe sex, young adult, university students, questionnaire, Uganda.

Confronting the Bullies, Comforting the Victim, or Reporting to University Staff? Prosocial Intentions Towards Social Exclusion in University Students

AbstractSocial exclusion as a form of in-person relational bullying in higher education (HE) leads to loneliness in students and puts their mental well-being at risk. Utilising and extending the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we investigated prosocial intentions towards bullying in HE students. We included empathic concern and anticipated regret to potentially explain differences in three behavioural intentions towards bullying: comforting the victim, confronting the bullies, and reporting the bullying to the university. The sample comprised 419 participants in an online sample from the UK (MAge = 22.76 years, SDAge = 4.02 years; 47.0% male, 50.6% female, 2.4% other) who filled in a digital questionnaire consisting of a short vignette describing an in-person situation of relational bullying. Applying structural equation modelling, we examined the three prosocial behavioural intentions towards bullying as outcome variables in two models while controlling for age, gender, and socially desirable responding. Traditional TPB predictors were positively associated with confronting the bullies. Empathic concern and anticipated regret were positively associated with comforting the victim. These results demonstrate how cognitive and emotional predictors uniquely contribute to prosocial intentions towards bullying among students. We discuss practical implications for the design of anti-bullying strategies in HE.

Day-to-day associations of intersectional minority stressors with sleep health in sexual and gender minority people of color.

To determine the day-to-day associations between minority stressors (i.e., anticipated and experienced discrimination) and sleep health outcomes (i.e., total sleep time (TST), sleep disturbances, and sleep-related impairment) among sexual and gender minority (SGM) people of color. An online sample of SGM people of color living in the United States participated in a 30-day daily diary study. Daily anticipated and experienced discrimination as well as subjective sleep outcomes were assessed via electronic diaries using validated measures. Wrist-worn actigraphy was used to objectively assess TST. Multilevel linear models (MLMs) were used to estimate the independent associations of daily intersectional minority stressors with subsequent sleep outcomes, adjusted for demographic factors and lifetime discrimination. The sample included 43 SGM people of color with a mean age of 27.0 years (± 7.7) of which 84% were Latinx, 47% were multiracial, and 37% were bisexual. Results of MLMs indicated that greater report of daily experienced discrimination was positively associated with same-night sleep disturbances, B (SE) = 0.45 (0.10), p < .001. Daily anticipated discrimination was positively associated with sleep-related impairment on the following day, B (SE) = 0.77 (0.17), p < .001. However, daily anticipated and experienced discrimination were not associated with same-night TST. Findings highlight the importance of considering the differential effects of daily intersectional minority stressors on the sleep health of SGM people of color. Further research is needed to identify factors driving the link between daily minority stressors and sleep outcomes to inform sleep health interventions tailored to this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Vicarious racism, ethnic/racial identity, and sleep among Asian Americans.

Vicarious racism-witnessing or hearing about other individuals of one's ethnic/racial group being the target of racism-has been salient among Asian Americans during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. There is emerging evidence that such experiences adversely impact several health-related outcomes, including sleep. The present study examines associations between vicarious racism and subjective sleep duration and quality, and the potential moderating role of ethnic/racial identity (ERI). Multivariable regression models assessed the association between vicarious racism, private regard, and centrality on self-reported sleep disturbance and duration. The sample consisted of an online sample of 600 Asian American adults (Mage = 38.55, SDage = 17.11; 65.17% female; 60% ≥ Bachelor's degree) recruited from May to June 2020. Vicarious racism was associated with compromised sleep quality and duration, including after adjustment for sociodemographic variables that have been linked to sleep. Private regard toward one's own ethnic/racial group and centrality of ethnicity/race to self-identity buffered the association between vicarious racism and sleep quality and duration. Adverse effects of high vicarious racism on sleep quality and duration were lessened among respondents reporting high levels of ERI private regard and centrality. Findings from this study extend research on racism and sleep by examining vicarious racism, an understudied facet of racism, and by focusing specifically on Asian Americans and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research and practice should consider expanding research on discrimination to include a broader range of unjust experiences. Vicarious racism contributes to health hazards experienced by Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceived reputation moderates the link between honor concerns and depressive symptoms

ABSTRACT Prior research has shown that U.S. cultures of honor have higher rates of depression and suicide. While links between honor endorsement and suicide have been established in the literature, a direct test of the primary mechanism underlying this association (reputation damage leading to depression) has not yet been tested. The current study sought to address whether shifts in perceived reputation might be associated with higher levels of depression for honor endorsing individuals. An online sample of 305 participants were tracked across two time points, assessing perceived individual reputation and perceived family reputation, as well as depressive symptoms. Analyses revealed that higher levels of honor concern at Time 1 were linked with higher levels of depressive symptoms at Time 2, but only for those with low perceived reputation – these relationships held while controlling for the stability in reputation and depression across time points, as well as controlling for participants’ gender. Findings provide the first empirical evidence that reputation damage may contribute to detriments in mental health in honor endorsers.

The Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment and Clinical Decision-Making Among Staff Nurses in Governmental Hospital in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.

Background The Saudi Arabian government has published its 2030 vision for improving health care to meet worldwide standards for the nursing profession. To fulfill this vision, building large-scale healthcare facilities is necessary. Among the most common occupations, nursing is vital to health care systems. Although working in health care institutions is challenging, demanding, and comprehensive, they are created to save lives and enhance patient satisfaction. Therefore, health care organizations must seek to develop psychologically empowered and decision-making nurses who can help meet clients' demands and enhance patient care, safety, quality, and outcomes. This study aims to determine the association between psychological empowerment (PE) and clinical decision-making (CDM) among staff nurses. Methods This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional correlation design. Three Saudi Ministry of Health-affiliated hospitals in the Al-Baha region were included. The sample size was calculated using the Raosoft online sample size calculator, with a total of 318 participants. The study sample included nurses working in inpatient, outpatient, and critical care departments. Convenience sampling techniques with inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed. An online survey with three sections was used for data collection: sociodemographic characteristics, the psychological empowerment instrument, and the nursing decision-making instrument. Data collection began at the beginning of February 2023 and was completed by the beginning of April 2023. Results The participants were 318 nurses working in critical areas, inpatient, and outpatient departments at three governmental hospitals in the Al-Baha region. Overall, 285 participants (89.6%) had a high level of PE, and the majority, 263 participants (82.7%), exhibited flexible-oriented decision-making. Approximately three-quarters of the sample, 281 participants (88.4%), were female, and more than half of the staff nurses, 187 participants (58.8%), were married. The majority of participants, 250 (78.6%), had a bachelor's degree. Regarding professional experience, most staff nurses, 134 participants (42.1%), had between one and five years of experience, and the majority worked in inpatient units, 160 participants (50.3%), while 104 (32.7%) worked in critical care. Conclusion The current study found a significant association between nurses' PE and CDM. Nurses with the highest PE were the most flexible in their CDM. Moreover, the findings of this study offer some points that nurse managers and leaders can use to generate empowerment and make their staff better decision-makers. One recommendation is to develop training and coaching programs to enhance PE among staff nurses, thereby raising their work meaningfulness, which would reflect in better CDM. Additionally, this study recommends that future research be conducted to examine how PE affects CDM.

The Impact of Relational Depth on Subjective Well-being in Close Relationships in the Community

Relational depth (RD)—moments of profound connection and engagement between two people—is a humanistic–existential construct, showing preliminary association with psychological growth in psychotherapy. This research investigates the impact of RD, alongside relationship satisfaction and emotional intimacy, on subjective well-being in close relationships in the community. Psychometric properties of latent variables were assessed in a stratified online sample of 497 participants in the United Kingdom (47.1% male, 52.1% female, 1% other; mean age 45.7 [ SD = 15.9]; 86.5% white, 7.8% Asian, 3.2% Black, 1.4% mixed and 1% other), followed by lagged regressions, and moderation analyses to assess the role of RD on Personal Well-being Score (PWS). Data were collected at two further time points at 3-month intervals on a stratified subset of participants ( n = 297 and n = 267). RD emerged as a significant predictor of subjective well-being in close relationships in the community and was moderated by emotional intimacy and relationship satisfaction. This study provides the first robust evidence of the relevance and impact of the humanistic–existential construct of RD on well-being beyond a psychotherapy context. This points to the value of practices that can facilitate RD experiences in the community.

A Perspective of Q-value Estimation on Offline-to-Online Reinforcement Learning

Offline-to-online Reinforcement Learning (O2O RL) aims to improve the performance of offline pretrained policy using only a few online samples. Built on offline RL algorithms, most O2O methods focus on the balance between RL objective and pessimism, or the utilization of offline and online samples. In this paper, from a novel perspective, we systematically study the challenges that remain in O2O RL and identify that the reason behind the slow improvement of the performance and the instability of online finetuning lies in the inaccurate Q-value estimation inherited from offline pretraining. Specifically, we demonstrate that the estimation bias and the inaccurate rank of Q-value cause a misleading signal for the policy update, making the standard offline RL algorithms, such as CQL and TD3-BC, ineffective in the online finetuning. Based on this observation, we address the problem of Q-value estimation by two techniques: (1) perturbed value update and (2) increased frequency of Q-value updates. The first technique smooths out biased Q-value estimation with sharp peaks, preventing early-stage policy exploitation of sub-optimal actions. The second one alleviates the estimation bias inherited from offline pretraining by accelerating learning. Extensive experiments on the MuJoco and Adroit environments demonstrate that the proposed method, named SO2, significantly alleviates Q-value estimation issues, and consistently improves the performance against the state-of-the-art methods by up to 83.1%.

On-line temperature-responsive restricted access material of sample preparation technique coupling with liquid chromatography for detection of tetracycline residues in milk

Effort of sample preparation has been working towards the automation and improvement of accuracy. Development of on-line sample preparation coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) is a promising way. In this study, an on-line extraction-LC automated analysis was proposed based on a temperature-sensitive restricted access material (RAM) for the determination of tetracycline residues (TCs) in milk. The RAM was synthesized using silica as substrate by the two-step surface initiated-atom transfer polymerization (SI-ATRP), styrene (St), sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate (Nass) and a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-responsive n-vinylcaprolactam (VCl) were conjugated to fabricate multiple interaction-adsorption sites of P(St-co-Nass-co-VCl) on silica interior, while an upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-responsive sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) was then block polymerized to form zwitterionic exclusion sites on exterior. Thereafter, the RAM was packed as extraction column to be fixed into LC ahead of C18 analytical column, establishing automatic analysis by rotation of switching valve. In conjunction with LCST and UCST dual-responsive properties to adjust the hydrophobic-hydrophilic transition of the grafted P(St-co-Nass-co-VCl)-b-PSBMA chains, the RAM column acquires the best extraction of TCs and meanwhile the furthest removal of proteins at about 30 ℃ of column temperature. And using the proposed automatic analysis for monitoring of TCs in milk, a wide linearity (20–900 ng mL−1), low limit of detection (1.0 ng mL−1) and limit of quantification (2.5 ng mL−1) as well as good inter-day (<3.9 % RSD) and intra-day precision (<4.8 % RSD) with satisfactory recoveries (97.2–101.9 %) show the superior efficiency. It is believed that the introduction of temperature-sensitive RAM to construct on-line extraction is a powerful tool for detecting trace substances in scientific analyses.

Does source matter? Examining the effects of health experts, friends, and social media influencers on young adult perceptions of Instagram e-cigarette education messages

PurposeYoung adults’ e-cigarette use is a leading public health concern. Using messages from credible sources can help improve message acceptance, yet little research has examined the role of source credibility on young adults’ responses to e-cigarette education messages. MethodsWe examined the impact of source on young adults’ perceptions of e-cigarette education messages and e-cigarettes. In July 2022, we conducted an experimental study using an online sample of young adults (N=459, Mage=24.6) who were randomized to one of three source conditions: expert, friend, or influencer, and viewed e-cigarette education messages. We used one-way ANOVA to estimate the association between the conditions and outcomes (perceived source credibility, message trust, curiosity, use interests, perceived message effectiveness, beliefs, harm perceptions, and intentions to refrain). ResultsThe expert condition was associated with significantly higher perceived source credibility (vs. friend, influencer; p<0.001), message trust (vs. friend, influencer; p<0.001), and curiosity (vs. influencer; p’s<0.05). ConclusionsPublic health campaigns may leverage health experts to deliver e-cigarette education messages targeting young adults to improve effectiveness of the messages.

The phenotype of recovery XI: associations of sleep quality and perceived stress with discounting and quality of life in substance use recovery.

Sleep and stress show an interdependent relationship in physiology, and both are known risk factors for relapse in substance use disorder (SUD) recovery. However, sleep and stress are often investigated independently in addiction research. In this exploratory study, the associations of sleep quality and perceived stress with delay discounting (DD), effort discounting (ED), and quality of life (QOL) were examined concomitantly to determine their role in addiction recovery. DD has been proposed as a prognostic indicator of SUD treatment response, ED is hypothesized to be relevant to the effort to overcome addiction, and QOL is an important component in addiction recovery. An online sample of 118 individuals recovering from SUDs was collected through the International Quit and Recovery Registry. Exhaustive model selection, using the Bayesian Information Criterion to determine the optimal multiple linear model, was conducted to identify variables (i.e., sleep quality, perceived stress, and demographics) contributing to the total variance in DD, ED, and QOL. After model selection, sleep was found to be significantly associated with DD. Stress was found to be significantly associated with psychological health, social relationships, and environment QOL. Both sleep and stress were found to be significantly associated with physical health QOL. Neither sleep nor stress was supported as an explanatory variable of ED. Together, these findings suggest sleep and stress contribute uniquely to the process of addiction recovery. Considering both factors when designing interventions and planning for future research is recommended.

Thinking critically about race bias and culpability perceptions of Latinxs in the criminal justice system

AbstractCritical race theory (CRT) guides insight into structural and institutional discrimination for identifying causes of race disparities in the United States social and political systems. Disparities are pronounced in the criminal justice system (CJS) for Latinx people, and negative attitudes exist about those incarcerated. LatCrit theory promotes an examination of unique issues creating disparities for Latinx people. Given historical, negative stereotypes of Mexican Americans as a criminal type, even exonerees face the taint of criminalization, and this influences perceptions of them. Following LatCrit theory, we examined the relationship between negative Mexican American stereotypes and perceived internal and external culpability with mediation from defendant rights attitudes for a Mexican American exoneree. With data from a national, adult online sample (N = 120), negative stereotypes about Mexican Americans predicted internal culpability with partial mediation from defendant rights beliefs, but the relationship was not found for external culpability. Negative stereotypes were associated with beliefs in the Mexican American exoneree's inherent criminality. With a LatCrit approach, quantitative findings lend insight into the legal decision making process to produce bias. Results highlight the need for continued focus on Latinx people's unique experiences and for change in methods to improve post‐carceral reintegration and eliminate structural and systemic race bias.